DM's Beatles forums

Beatles forums => Books, Magazines, Articles => Topic started by: raxo on November 12, 2006, 09:57:55 PM

Title: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on November 12, 2006, 09:57:55 PM
I've recently discovered this site (I think they're good readings ... what do you think? :)):

http://www.wingspan.ru/books.html


It includes:
Paul Gambaccini. "Paul McCartney. In His Own Words" 1976
Jeremy Pascall. "Paul McCartney and Wings" 1977
Ray Coleman. "McCartney. Yesterday and today" 1995
Barry Miles. "Paul McCartney. Many years from now" 1997
Geoffrey Giuliano. "Blackbird. The Life And Times Of Paul McCartney" 1997
"The Beatles Anthology" 2000
Danny Fields "Linda McCartney. The Biography" 2000
Barry Miles. "The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years" 2001
Keith Badman. "The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After The Break-Up 1970-2001" 2001
Bill Harry. "The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia" 2002
"Wingspan: Paul McCartney's Band on the Run" 2002

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on December 05, 2006, 12:59:51 AM
Some more can be found here:

http://www.recmusicbeatles.com/public/files/saki/saki.html


It includes:
1964
Two of Us
A Day In the Life
A Hard Day's Night
Even more on AHDN
AHDN AND UA
Age and Beatles fans
The artistic nature of the Beatles
Thoughts on the film "BackBeat"
The legend of the pre-fame Beatles
That love is all, and love is everyone...
A bit of brandy for the cold night?
...and in this corner, the Broadway stage!
Predictions and forethought from '63
Beatlemania
The Beatles on British Television
And even more on the Tube
Were they really bigger than Rod?
What is the legality of those bootlegs?
A short treatise on the Beatles on stage
John Lennon on religion
The Beatles as a religion
Beatlemania, and PID as a religion
The charts, and what they *really* mean
The copyright battles
It was 30 years ago today...
Some undefinable magic
Thoughts on George Martin
The Goon Show!
I Am the Walrus
I'll Get You
John and Paul
John F. Kennedy, and the Beatles (yeah, yeah, yeah)
...and then Stig accidentally sued himself.
The Beatles as literary figures
...and even more about their literariness
Thoughts on the Beatles lyrics through the ages
Were Paul's lyrics *really* that bad?
Saki's vision of the New World Tour
The river Mersey for beginners
The Liverpool Oratorio
Who is that Paul McCartney guy anyway?
Even more about the cute bass player
Why Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band?
Why Not SPLHCB?
Sgt. Pepper? Concept? What Concept?
Paul is Dead?
Where did the rumor begin?
Why does it continue? to be so pervasive?
Most importantly, is that rose really black?
What made them musicians anyway?
The simple joys of 'Please Please Me'
Please Please Me and For No One, together again
Westwood One's 'Rarities on CD'
How long were they Beatles?
That first really big shew!"
...Got my face on Ed Sullivan...
Thoughts on John Lennon from 1994
Not really religion, but spirituality
Should the Beatles be digitally enhanced?
Several thoughts on several things
The one after 909
So you're thinking of Beatling to England?
Some specifics on sights in the mother country
Some Various Thoughts on various Things
I am the walrus
Thoughts on the unpredictable Yoko Ono
...I believe in Yesterday..
So, what does it all mean?
Saki reviews the book reviews
Saki on Ian MacDonald's "Revolution in the Head"
As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but aging
Knowledge is love, and love is power
Why did the Beatle cross the road?
The reunion that couldn't happen...yet, did
Critical analysis in this ever changing world
A Few Memories of Derek Taylor
Because they're on, they're on, they're on 'American Bandstand'
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: BlueMeanie on December 06, 2006, 09:04:40 PM
Boy you've been sitting up late!!!
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on December 06, 2006, 09:23:21 PM
Somehow ... yep!  ;D
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on December 27, 2006, 02:34:38 AM
One letter to The Crickets ... From Us To You?  ;D
http://www.buddyhollyonline.com/letter.html

and ...

John answering [size=9](Jim Dawson's (?) )[/size] questions about The Crickets ... in 1974!
(http://img406.imageshack.us/img406/6808/tojimdawson74fx2.jpg) (http://imageshack.us)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on January 31, 2007, 11:03:45 PM
Some more can be found here:

http://home.earthlink.net/~casaburi/decal/lecturenotes.html


It includes:
Lecture 1 - Feb 11/12, 2002 - Rock and Roll through 1960
Lecture 2 - Feb 25/26, 2002 - Prehistory of the Beatles through 1962
Lecture 3 - Mar 4/5, 2002 - The Beatles Take the World, 1963-mid-1964
Lecture 4 - Mar 11/12, 2002 - The Toppermost of the Poppermost, mid-1964-1965
Lecture 5 - Mar 18/19, 2002 - Outside the Beatles, 1962-1967
Lecture 6 - Apr 8/9, 2002 - All You Need Is Love, 1966-mid-1967
Lecture 7 - Apr 15/16, 2002 - Revolution mid-1967-1968
Lecture 8 - Apr 22/23, 2002 - And In The End 1969-early 1970
Lecture 9 - Apr 29/30, 2002 - The Dream Is Over early 1970-1980
Lecture 10 - May 6/7, 2002 - All Those Years Ago 1980-2002
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: alexis on June 20, 2007, 12:17:16 AM
Quote from: 297
I've recently discovered this site (I think they're good readings ... what do you think? :)):

[url]http://www.wingspan.ru/books.html[/url]


It includes:
Paul Gambaccini. "Paul McCartney. In His Own Words" 1976
Jeremy Pascall. "Paul McCartney and Wings" 1977
Ray Coleman. "McCartney. Yesterday and today" 1995
Barry Miles. "Paul McCartney. Many years from now" 1997
Geoffrey Giuliano. "Blackbird. The Life And Times Of Paul McCartney" 1997
"The Beatles Anthology" 2000
Danny Fields "Linda McCartney. The Biography" 2000
Barry Miles. "The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years" 2001
Keith Badman. "The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After The Break-Up 1970-2001" 2001
Bill Harry. "The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia" 2002
"Wingspan: Paul McCartney's Band on the Run" 2002




Most amazing reading source I have ever seen on line. FWIW, Raxo, this is an 11 out of 10 in my book!
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on June 20, 2007, 08:49:24 AM
Quote from: 568
Most amazing reading source I have ever seen on line. FWIW, Raxo, this is an 11 out of 10 in my book!
Very glad you like it, alexis!!!  ;D

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Octie on June 20, 2007, 09:57:43 AM
Thanks for the info raxo  ;D

I've only read a little bit, but one day, I will read it all... one day...
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on June 20, 2007, 10:13:15 AM
Quote from: 610
Thanks for the info raxo  ;D

I've only read a little bit, but one day, I will read it all... one day...
One weak, better!  ;D

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: sewi on June 26, 2007, 02:38:28 PM
Quote from: 568

Most amazing reading source I have ever seen on line. FWIW, Raxo, this is an 11 out of 10 in my book!

Is this one the site that Raxo posted and you mentioned a few days ago, Alexis???
It has to be heheheh: 'this is an 11 out of 10 in my book!'
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: alexis on June 26, 2007, 04:02:29 PM
Yup, this is it!
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 08, 2007, 02:18:18 AM
Does anybody want to download this book?  8)


Mark Lewisohn
THE BEATLES
RECORDING SESSIONS

(http://img516.imageshack.us/img516/5302/recordinghe8.jpg) (http://imageshack.us)

Contents
Preface
The Paul McCartney Interview
1962 Recording sessions for: 'Love Me Do', 'Please Please Me'
1963 Recording sessions for: Please Please Me, 'From Me To You', 'She Loves You', With The Beatles, 'I Want To Hold Your Hand'
1964 Recording sessions for: 'Can't Buy Me Love', A Hard Days Night, Beatles For Sale, 'I Feel Fine'
1965 Recording sessions for: 'Ticket To Ride', Help!, 'We Can Work It Out'/'Day Tripper', Rubber Soul
1966 Recording sessions for: 'Paperback Writer', Revolver, 'Eleanor Rigby'/'Yellow Submarine', 'Strawberry Fields Forever', Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
1967 Recording sessions for: 'Penny Lane', Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Yellow Submarine, 'All You Need Is Love', Magical Mystery Tour, 'Hello, Goodbye'
1968 Recording sessions for: 'Lady Madonna', The Beatles, 'Hey Jude'
1969 Recording sessions for: Get Back/Let It Be, 'The Ballad Of John And Yoko', Abbey Road, 'Something'
1970 Mixing: Let It Be
Discography
Index
Glossary




Go here: http://wingspan.ru/bookseng/recording/contents.html

(click on "
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 08, 2007, 02:27:08 AM
"The Complete BEATLES Recording Sessions
     by Mark Lewisohn

One of the most important documentaries on rock music ever published, this is EMI Records' official diary-format history of every Beatles recording session.
Introduced by a rare and exclusive interview with Paul McCartney.

Researched from hundreds of unreleased Abbey Road archive tapes, thousands of previously unpublished studio documents and interviews with scores of the key recording personnel.

Over 350 colour and black-and-white photographs and illustrations, including rare photos by Linda McCartney and the first facsimile reproductions of Abbey Road recording sheets, tape boxes, album sleeve roughs, memos, contracts, press releases and much more.

"A staggeringly detailed document of the Beatles at work." Creative Review

"The ultimate word on the subject ... one of the most important rock books of all time. Absolutely essential purchase for everyone interested in the Beatles" Record Collector



Review :
Simply my favourite book about The Beatles, and of all aspects it has to be, because it simply describes the music.
Not in any flowery prose, dissecting the "hidden meanings" ... but instead, concentrates in detail in the recording process of every Beatle studio session at Abbey Road.
I must confess, I have read through it fully at least three times, and referred to it on countless times .... it is the one book I would take with me on a desert island.
If you only have even a passing interest in the lads, then I guarantee you will enjoy this truly remarkable historical document.
"

from here: http://www.jpgr.co.uk/lewisohn.html
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 08, 2007, 02:39:04 AM
Does anybody want to download this book?


BEATLES GEAR
by Andy Babiuk


(http://img227.imageshack.us/img227/8192/97854247lm5.jpg) (http://imageshack.us)

Info
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Footnotes
Asknowledgements



Go here: http://wingspan.ru/bookseng/babiuk/contents.html
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 08, 2007, 02:46:10 AM
"This book is the first to tell the full story of how the Beatles made their music.

It details exactly which guitars, drums, amplifiers and keyboards the Beatles used at the key points of their relatively brief but entirely revolutionary career...from the formation of the Quarry Men skiffle group in the 1950s to the dissolution of the Beatles in 1970.

It provides a fascinating fresh insight into Beatle history from an entirely new viewpoint, and along the way many myths are exploded and dozens of stories told for the first time.

John, Paul, George and Ringo's moves from cheap early instruments to the pick of 1960s technology is carefully and entertainingly documented in an easy to read narrative, fully illustrated with many unseen photographs, a cache of rare memorabilia, and a unique collection of specially photographed actual Beatle instruments.

This landmark book is perfect for the fan absorbed by music rather than hairstyles, for the tribute band member with an eye for detail, and for any reader with an abiding interest in the 1960s.

At last, Beatles Gear gets right inside the music.

More than this, the book paints a vivid picture of the times, presenting new interviews with the people who made, sold and looked after the band's gear. With Beatles albums still selling at the rate of thousands a day throughout the world, and renewed industry interest in the value of the band's published portfolio, Beatles Gear arrives on the market with perfect timing.

Hundreds of photographs, many never before seen, will be a revelation to even the most informed Beatles enthusiast. Also shown in luscious quality throughout the book are 26 of the group's original instruments, still owned by ex-members of The Beatles or their heirs ...from George's psychedelic Strat to John's Bed In Gibson, and Ringo's roof top Ludwig kit to Paul's Hofner violin bass.

And while many other items used by the group have been lost, broken or damaged, exhaustive research has allowed the presentation here of 43 virtually exact duplicates of otherwise defunct Beatle instruments and gear. Prime advertising and publicity material provide an extra flavour of the period and complete this unique examination of the sound of the fab four.

The Beatles have had an unparalleled influence on the music of the past 40 years. And still today much rock music lends a retro ear to the group's distinctive sounds and unique orchestrations not to mention the many tribute bands around the world who keep the flame burning. This fascinating documentary will become required reading for anyone keen to gain an expert's inside knowledge of The Beatles sound."



from here: http://www.beatlesfabgear.com/
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 08, 2007, 02:14:41 PM
Already got the book & it's a fantastic book!! :)
I've read it 2 or 3 times, it's that good! :)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 08, 2007, 02:17:30 PM
Quote from: 614
Already got the book & it's a fantastic book!! :)
I've read it 2 or 3 times, it's that good! :)
Yep, I'm not a fan of Mark but it's a good book ... but, so good, Andy Smith?  ;D

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: BlueMeanie on July 08, 2007, 03:30:23 PM
Quote from: 297
Yep, I'm not a fan of Mark but it's a good book ... but, so good, Andy Smith?  ;D


You're not a fan of Mark Lewisohn?
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 08, 2007, 03:36:59 PM
Quote from: 483
You're not a fan of Mark Lewisohn?
Not a fan of him, not ... he's right most of the times and what? He had to correct his own mistakes and now he's working in his own "bible" with tons of volumes and ready to be out in 8 years or so ... what a thing to do! If he is the main source or reference for almost everyone (not for me) he should have done a better job the first time ...
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: BlueMeanie on July 08, 2007, 03:57:11 PM
Quote from: 297
Not a fan of him, not ... he's right most of the times and what? He had to correct his own mistakes and now he's working in his own "bible" with tons of volumes and ready to be out in 8 years or so ... what a thing to do! If he is the main source or reference for almost everyone (not for me) he should have done a better job the first time ...

I think he did a pretty good job the first time. The sheer volume of information, the amount of research, and pressure from deadlines from the publisher - mistakes are bound to crop up.
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 08, 2007, 05:40:15 PM
Catching Up With Mark Lewisohn
http://dmbeatles.com/forums/m-1141134342/s-11/#num11
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 08, 2007, 10:13:26 PM
Quote from: 297
Yep, I'm not a fan of Mark but it's a good book ... but, so good, Andy Smith?  ;D


It impressed me so much that it was not "just aother beatles book", it was
about their equipment! quite a lot of information but a fascinating read.
Mark L's chronicle book was my bible when i was young & always read a fact every day! ;D :)
I don't think any writer researching the beatles gets everything right  & even Macca & Ringo's
memories are a bit hazy these days about what happened in those glorious days. :)

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: sewi on July 10, 2007, 11:19:14 AM
Thanks a lot for that Raxo. Wonderful books there. I like Mark Lewisohn but I had not this one so thanks once again.
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: The End on July 10, 2007, 12:50:16 PM
Quote from: 297
If he is the main source or reference for almost everyone (not for me) he should have done a better job the first time ...

Mark Lewisohn is the only person, outside of The Beatles' and EMI's inner circle, that has been allowed to listen to and chronicle their entire recorded career. He is the person The Beatles turn to for information on their own history - and you don't trust his work? Bloody hell - meet the world's harshest critic!!  ::)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 10, 2007, 12:55:33 PM
Quote from: 360
[...]Bloody hell - meet the world's harshest critic!!  ::)
That's me!!! ;D
Quote from: 360
Mark Lewisohn is the only person, outside of The Beatles' and EMI's inner circle, that has been allowed to listen to and chronicle their entire recorded career. He is the person The Beatles turn to for information on their own history - and you don't trust his work? Bloody hell - meet the world's harshest critic!!  ::)
Right, but I haven't said I "didn't trust his work" ... he has made some (big) misstakes  :-/ so I read him but other sources too ... he wrote only about what he wrote but if one goes to follow Kevin in his way of analising the group then one has to read more than Mark! :)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: The End on July 10, 2007, 12:58:01 PM
Quote from: 614
Already got the book & it's a fantastic book!! :)
I've read it 2 or 3 times, it's that good! :)

Quote from: 297
Yep, I'm not a fan of Mark but it's a good book ... but, so good, Andy Smith?  ;D

Quote from: 614
It impressed me so much that it was not "just aother beatles book", it was
about their equipment! quite a lot of information but a fascinating read.

Raxo, Beatle Gear is written by Any Babiuk not Mark Lewisohn.
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 10, 2007, 01:01:47 PM
Quote from: 360
Raxo, Beatle Gear is written by Any Babiuk not Mark Lewisohn.
I know (I said that too) but I suposed that Andy Smith was tallking about Mark's (I posted the link few minutes before Andy's book link) because everybody seems to do it!  :B

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: The End on July 10, 2007, 01:03:06 PM
Quote from: 297
the main source or reference for almost everyone (not for me)

When read in conjunction with your previous comments, it implies a distrust of his work.

Quote from: 297
he has made some (big) misstakes

What mistakes has he made that are so big that you wont rely on his books?
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 10, 2007, 01:12:47 PM
Quote from: 360
When read in conjunction with your previous comments, it implies a distrust of his work. [...]

Sorry for the impression but I mean that I read him but I don't take his work as the only one ... and he's not written everything about them or the best thing on every item.
Quote from: 360
[...] What mistakes has he made that are so big that you wont rely on his books?

He corrected himshelf in his second work few years later and he's working in a huge work now (let's see if he corrects himshelf a-gain) ... mistakes? these, for example:

Did Paul ever sing lead on I Want You (She's So..?
http://dmbeatles.com/forums/b-cc/m-1181342353/s-6/#num6

and

She Loves You Controversy
http://dmbeatles.com/forums/b-songs/m-1141134342/s-2/#num2


All You Need Is Ears is the title of one of Sir George's books and a good advice always!  ;D
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: The End on July 10, 2007, 01:17:37 PM
These aren't mistakes - they are revisions based on fresh information.
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 10, 2007, 01:31:20 PM
Quote from: 360
These aren't mistakes - they are revisions based on fresh information.
I thought that that fresh information was fresh for the rest of the world ... but not for him. When someone writes about one certain thing one can be right or wrong, that's why I said "mistakes" ... would have I said "he's wrong" instead? I don't mind, those were some of the reasons why I don't take him as the  the main source or reference for everything  :) ...

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 01:50:00 PM
Quote from: 297
I know (I said that too) but I suposed that Andy Smith was tallking about Mark's (I posted the link few minutes before Any's book link) because everybody seems to do it!  :B


i was speaking about Any's book! :)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 10, 2007, 01:54:44 PM
Quote from: 614
i was speaking about Any's book! :)
Sorry, I Should Have Known Better  :) ...
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Michelle Revolution on July 10, 2007, 09:40:32 PM
Quote from: 614

i was speaking about Any\'s book! :)

You\'d think someone who\'s name is Andy would be able to spell the name Andy, wouldn\'t you? Don\'t worry, I\'m just messing with you. See, a smiliie :)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 10:01:22 PM
Smile Away! :)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Michelle Revolution on July 10, 2007, 10:13:37 PM
I met a friend of mine and he did say... :)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 10:15:36 PM
Man, i could smell your breath a mile away! ;D :)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Michelle Revolution on July 10, 2007, 10:19:47 PM
These superfluous backslashes are bugging the crap out of me. Does any one know what is causing the problem? It happens every time I use apostrophes and quotation marks.
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Michelle Revolution on July 10, 2007, 10:22:37 PM
Quote from: 614
Man, i could smell your breath a mile away! ;D :)

Not many people would write a song about being told they had a pungent odor, what with the cheese, feet and breath.
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 10:28:57 PM
Quote from: 723

Not many people would write a song about being told they had a pungent odor, what with the cheese, feet and breath.

Yes, they don't write em like that anymore! ;D  :P
Maybe he met someone like that when he wrote it  ;D
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Michelle Revolution on July 10, 2007, 10:41:25 PM
Kinda puts you off cheese.
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 10:44:18 PM
That's my cheese sandwich out the window tomorrow then!  :P
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Michelle Revolution on July 10, 2007, 10:59:10 PM
How are your feet doing?
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 11:03:24 PM
May smell a bit but i'll be washing them! ;D
now don't mention the breath michelle ma belle! :P ;)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Michelle Revolution on July 10, 2007, 11:07:49 PM
Quote from: 614
May smell a bit but i\'ll be washing them! ;D
now don\'t mention the breath michelle ma belle! :P ;)

I\'m fart oo polite to mention that.

(almost a Raxoism there)
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 11:10:28 PM
Quote from: 723


(almost a Raxoism there)

Raxo-esque ;D

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: raxo on July 10, 2007, 11:12:08 PM
Be careful then!  ;D

By the way, Kevin's definition (they were other timess):
Quote from: 185
Raxoism - word invented for general use but blithely ignored by all and sundry.

http://dmbeatles.com/forums/b-books/m-1133866563/s-9/#num9
Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: Andy Smith on July 10, 2007, 11:16:11 PM
Quote from: 297
Be careful then!  ;D

Oh, we will Rax!  ;D ;)

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: pc31 on July 11, 2007, 08:45:49 AM
Quote from: 297
Not a fan of him, not ... he's right most of the times and what? He had to correct his own mistakes and now he's working in his own "bible" with tons of volumes and ready to be out in 8 years or so ... what a thing to do! If he is the main source or reference for almost everyone (not for me) he should have done a better job the first time ...
(http://img411.imageshack.us/img411/8886/windowsusertn3.gif)

Title: Re: Interesting readings ...
Post by: pc31 on July 11, 2007, 08:50:05 AM
Quote from: 297
That's me!!! ;D

Right, but I haven't said I "didn't trust his work" ... he has made some (big) misstakes  :-/ so I read him but other sources too ... he wrote only about what he wrote but if one goes to follow Kevin in his way of analising the group then one has to read more than Mark! :)

(http://img411.imageshack.us/img411/8886/windowsusertn3.gif)